VIII. Glossary

8PSK 8-PSK is usually the highest order PSK constellation deployed. With more than 8 phases,
the error-rate becomes too high and there are better, though more complex, modulations
available such as quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). Although any number of phases
may be used, the fact that the constellation must usually deal with binary data means
that the number of symbols is usually a power of 2 ? this allows an equal number of bits-per-symbol.
CAM Conditional Access Module is an electronic device, usually incorporating a slot for
a smart card, which equips an Integrated Digital Television or set-top box with the
appropriate hardware facility to view conditional access content that has been
encrypted using a conditional access system. They are normally used with
direct broadcast satellite (DBS) services.
Composite Video Composite video is the format of an analog television (picture only) signal before it is combined
with a sound signal and modulated onto an RF carrier. Composite video is often designated by
the CVBS acronym, meaning "Color, Video, Blank and Sync". In German (with PAL being
a German invention by Telefunken's Walter Bruch) the abbreviation
FBAS (Farbe-Bild-Austastung-Synchron) means the same. It is usually in standard formats such as NTSC,
PAL, and SECAM. It is a composite of three source signals called Y, U and V (together referred to as YUV)
with sync pulses. Y represents the brightness or luminance of the picture and includes synchronizing pulses,
so that by itself it could be displayed as a monochrome picture. U and V represent hue and saturation
or chrominance; between them they carry the color information. They are first modulated on
two orthogonal phases of a color carrier signal to form a signal called the chrominance.
Y and UV are then combined. Since Y is a baseband signal and UV has been mixed with a carrier,
this addition is equivalent to frequency-division multiplexing.
Conditional Access System Several companies provide competing Conditional Access Systems; Irdeto Access, Nagravision, Viaccess,
Verimatrix and NDS are among the most commonly used CAS systems.
DiSEqC Stands for Digital Satellite Equipment Control. It is a special communication protocol for use between a
satellite receiver and a device such as a multi-dish switch or a small dish antenna rotor. DiSEqC
was developed by European satellite provider Eutelsat, which now acts as the standards agency for the protocol.
Dolby Digital Dolby Digital is the common version containing up to six discrete channels of sound. The most elaborate mode
in common usage involves five channels for normal-range speakers (20 Hz ? 20,000 Hz) (right front, center,
left front, right rear and left rear) and one channel (20 Hz ? 120 Hz allotted audio) for the subwoofer driven
low-frequency effects. Mono and stereo modes are also supported. Dolby Digitalsupports audio sample-rates up to 48 kHz.
* Dolby Digital
*dolby logo image.jpg D (an abbreviation for Dolby Digital, often combined with channel count; for instance,dolby logo image.jpg D 2.0,dolby logo image.jpg D 5.1)


EPG Electronic Program Guide is a digital guide to scheduled broadcast television or radio programs, typically displayed on-screen with
functions allowing a viewer to navigate, select, and discover content by time, title, channel, genre, etc. by use of their remote
control, a keyboard, or other input devices such as a phone keypad. Content can also be scheduled for future recording by a personal
video recorder (PVR). The on-screen information may be delivered by a dedicated channel or assembled by the receiving equipment from
information sent by each program channel.
eSATA A variant of SATA meant for external connectivity with the following characteristics:
* Minimum transmit potential: Range is 500?600 mV. * Minimum receive potential: Range is 240?600 mV. * Identical protocol and
logical signaling (link/transport-layer and above), allowing native SATA devices to be deployed in external enclosures with
minimal modification.
FEC Stands for Forward Error Correction. This is a system of error control for data transmission, whereby the sender adds
redundant data to its messages, also known as an error-correction code. This allows the receiver to detect and correct errors
(within some bound) without the need to ask the sender for additional data. The advantages of forward error correction are
that a back-channel is not required and retransmission of data can often be avoided (at the cost of higher bandwidth requirements,
on average).
HDMI Stands for High-Definition Multimedia Interface. It is a compact audio/video interface for transmitting uncompressed digital data.
HDMI connects digital audio/video sources?such as set-top boxes, Blu-ray Disc players, personal computers (PCs), video game consoles
(such as the PlayStation 3 and some models of Xbox 360), and AV receivers?to compatible digital audio devices, computer monitors,
and digital televisions. As an uncompressed connection, HDMI is independent of the various digital television standards used by
individual devices, such as ATSC and DVB, as these are encapsulations of compressed MPEG video streams (which can be decoded and
output as an uncompressed video stream on HDMI).
LNB Stands for Low-Noise Block converter. This is the (receiving, or downlink) antenna of what is commonly called the parabolic
satellite dish commonly used for satellite TV reception. The LNB is usually fixed on or in the satellite dish. The purpose of
the LNB is to take a wide block (or band) of relatively high frequencies, amplify and convert them to similar signals carried
at a much lower frequency (called intermediate frequency or IF). These lower frequencies travel through cables with much less
attenuation of the signal, so there is much more signal left on the satellite receiver end of the cable. It is also much easier
and cheaper to design electronic circuits to operate at these lower frequencies, rather than the very high frequencies of
satellite transmission.
PID Stands for Packet Identifier. This is a set of numbers identifying stream packets contained within a single data stream
Polarization The orientation of the electrical and magnetic fields of a signal. Satellites use mainly vertical and horizontal polarization.


S/PDIF Stands for Sony/Philips Digital Interconnect Format. A common use for the S/PDIF interface is to carry compressed digital audio as
defined by the standard IEC 61937. This mode is used to connect the output of a DVD player to a home theater receiver that supports
Dolby Digital or DTS surround sound. Another common use is to carry uncompressed digital audio from a CD player to a receiver.
This specification also allows for the coupling of personal computer digital sound (if equipped) via optical or coax to
Dolby Digital or DTS capable receivers.
SCART A French-originated standard and associated 21-pin connector for connecting audio-visual (AV) equipment together.
SCART is one of the most common method of connecting audio-visual equipment together. However,
transferring analogue standard-definition content, SCART is becoming obsolete with the introduction of
new digital standards such as HDMI, which can also carry high-definition content and multichannel audio.
Smartcard A pocket-sized card with embedded Integrated Circuits which can process data. It can receive input which
is processed and delivered as an output. The card may embed a hologram to avoid counterfeiting.
It is used for accessing encrypted TV channels or services.
Teletext A television information retrieval service developed in the United Kingdom in the early 1970s.
It offers a range of text-based information, typically including national, international and sporting news,
weather and TV schedules. Subtitle (or closed captioning) information is also transmitted in the teletext signal,
typically on page 888 or 777.
Xcrypt One of the Conditional Access Systems by Xcrypt.
YPbPr A color space used in video electronics, in particular in reference to component video cables.
YPbPr is the analog version of the YCBCR color space; the two are numerically equivalent,
but YPBPR is designed for use in analog systems whereas YCBCR is intended for digital video.
YPbPr is commonly called "component video", but this is a misnomer,
as there are many other types of component video (mostly RGB with sync either on green or one or
two separate signals).

YPbPr is converted from the RGB video signal, which is split into
three components, Y, PB, and PR.

* Y carries luma (brightness) and sync information.

* PB carries the difference between blue and luma (B - Y).
* PR carries the difference between red and luma (R - Y).
Sending a green signal would be redundant, as it can be derived using the blue, red and luma information.